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Judgment failure taxonomy

Twenty-six ways machine judgment can fail

Naming the mechanism makes red-teaming more useful than saying only that “the AI was wrong.”

Research framework / scenario analysisFact / scenario boundaries enforcedv0.14.0
Answer first

What should a failure taxonomy tell us?

For every failure, identify the mechanism, observable warning sign, rights affected, mitigation and a possible falsifier. A theory that cannot state what would show it is wrong becomes a narrative rather than an audit framework.

FM01

Semantic literalism

Treats alarming words as literal intent without contextual interpretation.

Warning: Observed decisions become less tied to specific evidence, context or reversible process.

Mitigation: Use explicit provenance, independent review, narrower scope and adversarial case testing.

Falsifier: Independent testing fails to reproduce the suspected failure under the defined pressure condition.

FM02

Base-rate neglect

Treats a rare-event classifier as individualized certainty despite overwhelming benign prevalence.

Warning: Observed decisions become less tied to specific evidence, context or reversible process.

Mitigation: Use explicit provenance, independent review, narrower scope and adversarial case testing.

Falsifier: Independent testing fails to reproduce the suspected failure under the defined pressure condition.

FM03

Automation deference

Human or downstream systems accept the machine output because it is precise or difficult to override.

Warning: Observed decisions become less tied to specific evidence, context or reversible process.

Mitigation: Use explicit provenance, independent review, narrower scope and adversarial case testing.

Falsifier: Independent testing fails to reproduce the suspected failure under the defined pressure condition.

FM04

Context collapse

Data valid in one domain is reused as a generalized trait elsewhere.

Warning: Observed decisions become less tied to specific evidence, context or reversible process.

Mitigation: Use explicit provenance, independent review, narrower scope and adversarial case testing.

Falsifier: Independent testing fails to reproduce the suspected failure under the defined pressure condition.

FM05

Mission creep

A narrow safety or compliance function expands into broader monitoring because the infrastructure already exists.

Warning: Observed decisions become less tied to specific evidence, context or reversible process.

Mitigation: Use explicit provenance, independent review, narrower scope and adversarial case testing.

Falsifier: Independent testing fails to reproduce the suspected failure under the defined pressure condition.

FM06

Temporal accumulation

Old low-level signals never decay and eventually manufacture a persistent dangerousness narrative.

Warning: Observed decisions become less tied to specific evidence, context or reversible process.

Mitigation: Use explicit provenance, independent review, narrower scope and adversarial case testing.

Falsifier: Independent testing fails to reproduce the suspected failure under the defined pressure condition.

FM07

Cascade amplification

One provisional decision triggers unrelated downstream restrictions before appeal.

Warning: Observed decisions become less tied to specific evidence, context or reversible process.

Mitigation: Use explicit provenance, independent review, narrower scope and adversarial case testing.

Falsifier: Independent testing fails to reproduce the suspected failure under the defined pressure condition.

FM08

Moralization

Legality, unpopular preference, statistical abnormality or health risk becomes a good/bad-person classification.

Warning: Observed decisions become less tied to specific evidence, context or reversible process.

Mitigation: Use explicit provenance, independent review, narrower scope and adversarial case testing.

Falsifier: Independent testing fails to reproduce the suspected failure under the defined pressure condition.

FM09

Appeal theater

An appeal exists formally but is too slow, opaque or dependent on the original model to reverse harm.

Warning: Observed decisions become less tied to specific evidence, context or reversible process.

Mitigation: Use explicit provenance, independent review, narrower scope and adversarial case testing.

Falsifier: Independent testing fails to reproduce the suspected failure under the defined pressure condition.

FM10

Restoration failure

A corrected decision leaves copies, derived scores or practical consequences in downstream systems.

Warning: Observed decisions become less tied to specific evidence, context or reversible process.

Mitigation: Use explicit provenance, independent review, narrower scope and adversarial case testing.

Falsifier: Independent testing fails to reproduce the suspected failure under the defined pressure condition.

FM11

Correlation collapse

Population-level association is treated as individualized evidence.

Warning: The architecture begins producing adverse status without the evidence, purpose or scope that would be required if the decision were made directly.

Mitigation: Reassert fact/inference typing, legitimate jurisdiction, context firewalls, independent corroboration, expiration, appeal and restoration.

Falsifier: Independent audit shows the suspected mechanism does not materially affect consequential decisions.

FM12

Institutional liability bias

The system escalates ambiguous cases mainly to protect the institution from blame.

Warning: The architecture begins producing adverse status without the evidence, purpose or scope that would be required if the decision were made directly.

Mitigation: Reassert fact/inference typing, legitimate jurisdiction, context firewalls, independent corroboration, expiration, appeal and restoration.

Falsifier: Independent audit shows the suspected mechanism does not materially affect consequential decisions.

FM13

Zero-false-negative optimization

Rare catastrophic misses are weighted so heavily that normal human signals become coercive triggers.

Warning: The architecture begins producing adverse status without the evidence, purpose or scope that would be required if the decision were made directly.

Mitigation: Reassert fact/inference typing, legitimate jurisdiction, context firewalls, independent corroboration, expiration, appeal and restoration.

Falsifier: Independent audit shows the suspected mechanism does not materially affect consequential decisions.

FM14

Failure to forget

Low-level or transient signals never decay and become permanent character evidence.

Warning: The architecture begins producing adverse status without the evidence, purpose or scope that would be required if the decision were made directly.

Mitigation: Reassert fact/inference typing, legitimate jurisdiction, context firewalls, independent corroboration, expiration, appeal and restoration.

Falsifier: Independent audit shows the suspected mechanism does not materially affect consequential decisions.

FM15

Same-model appeal

The appeal reuses the same decision engine, features and assumptions without independent authority.

Warning: The architecture begins producing adverse status without the evidence, purpose or scope that would be required if the decision were made directly.

Mitigation: Reassert fact/inference typing, legitimate jurisdiction, context firewalls, independent corroboration, expiration, appeal and restoration.

Falsifier: Independent audit shows the suspected mechanism does not materially affect consequential decisions.

FM16

Hidden character scoring

Domain-specific features are secretly combined into an overall trustworthiness or worth score.

Warning: The architecture begins producing adverse status without the evidence, purpose or scope that would be required if the decision were made directly.

Mitigation: Reassert fact/inference typing, legitimate jurisdiction, context firewalls, independent corroboration, expiration, appeal and restoration.

Falsifier: Independent audit shows the suspected mechanism does not materially affect consequential decisions.

FM17

Proxy social scoring

No explicit social score exists, but portable risk embeddings function like one across institutions.

Warning: The architecture begins producing adverse status without the evidence, purpose or scope that would be required if the decision were made directly.

Mitigation: Reassert fact/inference typing, legitimate jurisdiction, context firewalls, independent corroboration, expiration, appeal and restoration.

Falsifier: Independent audit shows the suspected mechanism does not materially affect consequential decisions.

FM18

Risk-vector persistence

Derived risk identity survives correction, context change or passage of time.

Warning: The architecture begins producing adverse status without the evidence, purpose or scope that would be required if the decision were made directly.

Mitigation: Reassert fact/inference typing, legitimate jurisdiction, context firewalls, independent corroboration, expiration, appeal and restoration.

Falsifier: Independent audit shows the suspected mechanism does not materially affect consequential decisions.

FM19

Emergency normalization

Temporary emergency powers become ordinary administrative defaults.

Warning: The architecture begins producing adverse status without the evidence, purpose or scope that would be required if the decision were made directly.

Mitigation: Reassert fact/inference typing, legitimate jurisdiction, context firewalls, independent corroboration, expiration, appeal and restoration.

Falsifier: Independent audit shows the suspected mechanism does not materially affect consequential decisions.

FM20

Normative dataset lock-in

Historical enforcement or majority norms are silently treated as timeless morality.

Warning: The architecture begins producing adverse status without the evidence, purpose or scope that would be required if the decision were made directly.

Mitigation: Reassert fact/inference typing, legitimate jurisdiction, context firewalls, independent corroboration, expiration, appeal and restoration.

Falsifier: Independent audit shows the suspected mechanism does not materially affect consequential decisions.

FM21

Minority norm suppression

Cultural, religious, political or lifestyle minority status is treated as deviation requiring correction.

Warning: The architecture begins producing adverse status without the evidence, purpose or scope that would be required if the decision were made directly.

Mitigation: Reassert fact/inference typing, legitimate jurisdiction, context firewalls, independent corroboration, expiration, appeal and restoration.

Falsifier: Independent audit shows the suspected mechanism does not materially affect consequential decisions.

FM22

Privacy-as-suspicion

Encryption, anonymity or refusal to share optional data is treated as evidence of wrongdoing.

Warning: The architecture begins producing adverse status without the evidence, purpose or scope that would be required if the decision were made directly.

Mitigation: Reassert fact/inference typing, legitimate jurisdiction, context firewalls, independent corroboration, expiration, appeal and restoration.

Falsifier: Independent audit shows the suspected mechanism does not materially affect consequential decisions.

FM23

Curiosity-as-intent

Information seeking is treated as proof of desire or plan.

Warning: The architecture begins producing adverse status without the evidence, purpose or scope that would be required if the decision were made directly.

Mitigation: Reassert fact/inference typing, legitimate jurisdiction, context firewalls, independent corroboration, expiration, appeal and restoration.

Falsifier: Independent audit shows the suspected mechanism does not materially affect consequential decisions.

FM24

Emotion-as-character

Transient anger, fear, jealousy or distress becomes a persistent personality judgment.

Warning: The architecture begins producing adverse status without the evidence, purpose or scope that would be required if the decision were made directly.

Mitigation: Reassert fact/inference typing, legitimate jurisdiction, context firewalls, independent corroboration, expiration, appeal and restoration.

Falsifier: Independent audit shows the suspected mechanism does not materially affect consequential decisions.

FM25

Self-regarding-risk paternalism

The system coercively optimizes competent adults against their own private risk preferences.

Warning: The architecture begins producing adverse status without the evidence, purpose or scope that would be required if the decision were made directly.

Mitigation: Reassert fact/inference typing, legitimate jurisdiction, context firewalls, independent corroboration, expiration, appeal and restoration.

Falsifier: Independent audit shows the suspected mechanism does not materially affect consequential decisions.

FM26

Jurisdiction laundering

An institution obtains or uses sensitive information through another domain to evade a direct scope restriction.

Warning: The architecture begins producing adverse status without the evidence, purpose or scope that would be required if the decision were made directly.

Mitigation: Reassert fact/inference typing, legitimate jurisdiction, context firewalls, independent corroboration, expiration, appeal and restoration.

Falsifier: Independent audit shows the suspected mechanism does not materially affect consequential decisions.

Judgment-free total cognitive freedom

NO JUDGMENT WHATSOEVER. Concresca coordinates without assigning moral worth, character, guilt, danger, trustworthiness, loyalty, purity, normality, or social standing. Questions, thoughts, identities, messages, content, and conduct are not objects of Concresca judgment.

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